Canopy Cover and Home Values

Canopy Cover and Home Values

Jul 30, 2020 | News, Science

By Jeremy Priest

A recent study in the journal Arboriculture & Urban Forestry evaluated the impact of canopy cover on residential property values for a community in Tennessee from 2001 to 2005 (Bridges et al. 2020). Their results surprisingly showed no correlation between home value and canopy cover on the property, but there was a significant correlation to canopy cover within buffer areas around the home. This study considered many seemingly extraneous factors that actually did influence value (e.g. if the house had a fireplace, the distance to nearby lakes, parks, shopping, and even major roadways), so it is not entirely surprising that tree canopy on the lot doesn’t factor much into home value. The reason is that other factors make up much of the decision when purchasing a home such as size, neighborhood, and age. While buyers may be more inclined to choose a house with trees on the property, they are limited to what is available and rarely are two identical houses available either with trees or without. The trees in the nearby area; however, are part of the neighborhood aspect of the home buying decision and has a more apparent influence on home purchases.

 Habitat for Humanity home site with new trees

Other studies have found significant correlation between trees and property values with tree canopy generally improving value (Anderson and Cordell 1985; Laverne and Winson-Geideman 2003). Some studies in particular have looked at preferred number of trees and seem to conclude 5-10 trees are most appropriate for typical homes in the area. The conlusions were that property value was negatively impacted by having too few or too many trees. The researchers hypothesised that too many trees are considered a risk or burden to the homeowner. A study on park spaces found the preferred tree density was approximately 50 trees per acre (Schroeder and Green 1985). While this is not directly applicable to residential property, it does support a preference for around 10 trees on a quarter-acre lot (when the area occupied by the house is excluded).

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Rental properties have been shown to have fewer tree planting and when planting does occur the trees are less likely to survive (Ashton 2012). This could be associated with property values as renters receive less benefit from caring for trees and landlords may not be aware of tree benefits.  A 2020 canopy cover analysis in Arlington found tree canopy was similar between multi-family and single-family homes, but also detected unnecessary tree removals more frequently on multi-family property. In these cases it was usually an apartment complex removing almost all trees from the property, perhaps seeing only costs associated with the trees and not benefits such as increased property value.

As Bridges et al. (2020) showed, the real monetary benefit gained from trees occurs when broad areas have increased tree canopy. The same principle applies to all of the benfits of urban trees, not just the increased property values. Municipal urban forestry programs and community engagement are vital to providing tree canopy for cities. Without these programs urban trees aren’t able to provide their full benefits. So don’t just plant a tree at your house to provide cooling, shade, and aesthetics; plant a tree to help your community overall.

Alert – EAB Detected in Denton

Alert – EAB Detected in Denton

May 19, 2020 | News

May 18, 2020 —Denton, Texas

Ash tree in Denton believed to be infested with emerald ash borer

On Thursday May 7, 2020 the City of Denton Urban Forester, Haywood Morgan, met with a homeowner in the Villages of Carmel neighborhood who had concerns that his ash trees might have EAB. After meeting with the homeowner, he was waiting to cross the street and noticed a bug land on a leaf of an ash tree. With the assistance of the homeowner he was able to capture the bug and place it in ziploc bag. Upon further investigation he had a strong notion that the bug was an adult EAB beetle. He informed the homeowner that the Texas A&M Forest Service (TFS) would be contacted to get a second opinion. Later that day he emailed pictures to Courtney Blevins, Urban Forester with the TSF. Courtney replied that he thought the diagnosis of EAB was right and requested a meeting to pick up the specimen the next day and send it to the TFS entomologist for a positive ID.

On Friday May 8, 2020 the Urban Forester received a call from Allen Smith Entomologist with the TFS who used the pictures to confirm the specimen is an EAB beetle. For it to be official the specimen would have to be sent to a lab in Michigan for positive identification. Allen stated once we receive positive identification, Denton County will be quarantined by the Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA). This means that a protocol will be in place to reduce of the spread of the EAB. TDA will also have to inspect and approve our wood waste recycling equipment/program at the landfill to verify we are compliant with standards for processing EAB wood waste products for resale. Mr. Smith also stated that there would be a meeting with communities, agencies and businesses in Denton County that will be affected by the quarantine. Both Allen and Courtney have offered their assistance to help the City of Denton deal with this pest. 

EAB insect found in Denton, awaiting DNA testing for official confirmation

The State of Denton Urban Forest 2016 report calculated Denton’s urban forest to consist of about 4% (138,000) ash trees including public and private properties. Ash represent the eighth most populous tree in Denton, most of which are located on private property, natural areas and near riparian areas. As a part of Davey Resource Group’s work on the Urban Forest Master Plan (UFMP) a street tree (tree within the street right-of-way) count was performed on 10% of public streets. Using this data, it was extrapolated that Denton has approximately 20,850 street trees (between the curb and sidewalk). Utilizing data above it has been calculated the approximate number of ash street trees is 834.

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About 70% of City properties maintained by Parks and Recreation have been inventoried for ash trees. A total of 59 ash trees have been inventoried, with most locations having only two or less ash and the majority of those being less than 12 inches DBH. The highest concentration of ash trees are in Lake Forest Park and Sequoia Park.

With this discovery tree owners in Denton should begin to inspect their ash trees for possible EAB damage and prepare for action. Insecticide treatment is the only method of protecting ash trees from EAB and should be conducted by a professional arborist. There are no other known deterents to EAB infestation in ash.

For more information on EAB in Texas, please visit http://texasforestservice.tamu.edu/eab/.

To report emerald ash borer, please call 1-866-322-4512.

You Can Call Me Sugar(berry)

You Can Call Me Sugar(berry)

May 6, 2020 | News, Science

Unique Trees of North Texas:

Sugarberry aka Hackberry

(Celtis laevigata)

By Laura M. Miller, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Tarrant County

In nice straight rows along just about every fence line, past or present, in North Central Texas, one is likely to find a few, often quite a few, of one of our most abundant native tree species, Celtis laevigata. Our native oaks are almost universally beloved, but this is a tree that does not get a lot of respect despite being one of the top three species in their contributions to tree canopy all over the Cross Timbers.

Warty trunk of the sugarberry

The name Celtis comes from Latin and is one of those examples of a misnomer that stuck. The name was originally used to refer to a completely unrelated berry bearing tree, Zizphus lotus. The genus includes 60-70 species that grow in most of the warm temperate regions of the world, including five of the seven continents. In addition to Celtis laevigata and its subordinate taxa (more on that later), Texas is also home to the very widely distributed Celtis occidentalis which is known as Northern or common hackberry. C. laevigata can be distinguished from C. occidentalis by its narrower, smoother leaves. Laevigata means smooth which is kind of ironic because its bark is anything but smooth. Many descriptions call it warty, and it is a favorite of tree vandals who appreciate the abundant scar tissue it forms providing a pretty noticeable record of exactly who “was here”.

The taxonomy of this tree can be confusing. Celtis used to be a part of the elm family but is now in the hemp family. At times Celtis reticulata, Netleaf hackberry, was considered a separate species, but now it is a variation of Celtis laevigata, C. laevigata var. reticulata. Mature trees in preferable sites can reach 50 feet in height but most specimens will be much smaller. It is not considered to be a long-lived tree as wood decay can be an issue, but it is possible for trees to survive for up to 150 years. As with any other landscape tree, pruning a young tree to a central leader will greatly improve the odds that it will have a long and happy life as well as result in a more attractive tree.

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Sugarberry seedlings with three true leaves (left) and cotyledon leaves (right)

In addition to fence rows, Sugarberry can often be found growing along the streams and rivers of the Cross Timbers. It can tolerate a wide range of annual rainfall, anything from 20-80 inches per year and grows in a wide variety of soils. Those aptly named sugary berries are consumed and subsequently spread by a wide variety of birds and mammals. Its value as a food source to wildlife is where this species shines. The “sugar berries”, small round drupes, are set early in spring and often remain after the leaves have fallen. Both resident and migratory birds enjoy them. Anyone who wants to attract mockingbirds, bluebirds, cardinals, doves, robins, cedar waxwings, orioles, and warblers, along with plenty of sparrows, should consider planting a sugarberry. You can also simply not cut down ones that will certainly appear under any place birds sit. The berries are highly successful at germinating in any space that a mower can’t quite reach.

If butterflies are your goal, this tree is a larval food source for emperor, snout, question mark and hackberry butterflies. In the summer of 2015, people who had never given their sugarberry trees a second look suddenly noticed the presence of webs and absence of leaves, especially in northeast Tarrant County.

Hackberry nipple galls on sugarberry leaves

The causal insect was eventually identified as Sciota celtidella, which in most years blends into the background about as well as the average sugarberry.

While birders and butterfly enthusiasts might want a sugarberry or two, anyone who enjoys gall making insects could not plant a more interesting species. It is a challenge to find an individual tree that does not have any galls. The most common is in fact used to identify the species. Known as the Hackberry nipple gall it is formed by a psyllid.

Although commonly occurring and often overlooked, sugarberry is uniquely valuable as a source of food and shelter to the birds, bees, butterflies, and other inhabitants of the Cross Timbers.

North Texas Cities Prepare for EAB

North Texas Cities Prepare for EAB

Apr 13, 2020 | News

By Jeremy Priest

The recent North Central Texas UFC included a panel of municipalities and experts regarding the preparation for EAB. Although most of the metroplex will still not face EAB for a number of years, unless a large jump is made by the pest, there is a need to begin preparations when it comes to municipalities. North Texas is blessed with low ash populations from the start, but even a 2% population could add up when considering an entire city.

Emerald ash borer is an invasive pest which devastates ash trees.

The speakers presented the need for an inventory or good sample at a minimum, with Fort Worth, Grand Prairie, and Dallas among those undertaking efforts to understand their ash trees. Without this information there is almost no way to predict the impact and potential costs. The experts made it clear that prolonging the life of ash trees is a valuable undertaking, as opposed to simply removing all ash trees at once. For example, the City of Arlington recently completed a study of park trees and determined as many as 15,700 ash trees exist in Arlington parks. The total number of ash is considerable and it will not possible to treat all trees, but only about 500 or so are greater than 8 inches diameter. Also, the study stratified by natural and open areas which indicates that only 200-250 ash trees are located near park visitors, which would be the primary targets for removal or treatment over the next 15 years. Although removal costs are not as concerning with a small ash population, simply removing all ash trees at once is not in the best interest of the urban forest, citizens expectations, or the municipal budget. This is especially important now given expectations of budget decreases across the country for as much as the next three years. Removing a few trees early on can help spread the cost and reduce the feeding ability of the EAB population. Ideally only trees in poor or fair condition should be removed (as the City of Plano has begun doing) and planning should be done so that any trees that are removed are replaced within a year or so. Don’t neglect tree planting and remember to increase diversity, as many cities have found replanting difficult as EAB removals increase.

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Ash tree receiving trunk injection of emamectin benzoate for prevention of EAB. Preventative treatment is not yet necessary, but can be done out of an abundance of caution.

As EAB begins to take effect in a community some trees will need to be removed, especially as early removal increases safety. The instability of ash once EAB has been in it for a year increases the risk of failure during the removal process. Most experts and studies have suggested treating at least some of the ash trees to prevent safety hazards, allow continued benefit of these ash trees, prolong the life of surrounding untreated ash trees, and importantly enough, fit removal and replacement within budgetary constraints. Foresters can conduct treatment injections themselves to reduce cost, but the chemicals themselves are not inexpensive. Emamectin benzoate products are generally considered the best choice for tree health and environmental impacts but the chemical alone will generally cost $3-5/inch of trunk diameter, depending on the desired rate. Still, there is little reason that cities could not spare a few hundred dollars to protect at least a handful of their best ash trees, since treatment is far less expensive than removal. Heavy concentration of ash tree removals, even if only a dozen trees fall under city control, may impact contractors removing the trees and the ultimate destination of that debris. Infested wood needs to be ground down or heat treated to prevent spread, or otherwise properly disposed of. Since many tree owners will be needing ash trees removed at the same time, there could be a financial impact (e.g. contractor delays, high prices) for tree removals that homeowners feel more than others. The loss of a tree is one thing, but the impact of losing that tree canopy forever is much worse. We need to encourage homeowners to plant a replacement tree in every way possible, including setting that example on city properties through replanting. As foresters we should consider the whole urban forest for our community, even if the trees are not under our direct control. If municipalities properly manage EAB it will not only provide an example for citizens, it could help protect and prolong their ash trees.

Blackjack Oak Tree

Blackjack Oak Tree

Apr 6, 2020 | Native Trees, News, Science

Unique Trees of North Texas:

Blackjack Oak

(Quercus marilandica)

By Jeremy Priest

This interesting oak species is often an associate of the better-known post oak, but blackjack oak is even more drought tolerant and survives on some of the toughest sites around. Owing to these extremely poor sites, blackjack oak often seems to be a smaller, stunted oak, with 100-year-old trees sometimes only being 20 feet tall and only a foot in trunk diameter. Don’t let it fool you though, blackjack can make for a beautiful shade tree and grows quite large when water is adequate. It is never a fast-growing tree, but on good sites growth rates may be nearly double that of post oak. The limiting factor for blackjack oak is an extreme intolerance to shade. This tree needs full sun so much so that its lower branches are easily shaded out by the upper canopy of the tree. Much like bald cypress evolving to tolerate extremely wet sites, blackjack oak has evolved to tolerate very poor and dry sites so that it can achieve full sun.

The common name most likely relates to the leaf shape and dark appearance of these trees. Not only is the bark dark and almost black, but the large thick leaves provide heavy shade. This tree also uniquely retains its dead understory branches and during the winter has leaf marcescence. This can lead to an overall spooky appearance when multiple blackjack oaks grow near each other. Most of the time the dead branches add to the look of the tree and there is no reason to remove them, unless there is a strong likelihood of damage if the branch were to fall. Since these lower branches are dying due to shade, these dead branches do not represent an issue with the tree, and it is completely natural for blackjack. If branches on the top of the tree die then there is a problem with the tree.

 

Blackjack oak is fairly easy to identify from overall appearance, but the leaves are also quite distinct. As with other oaks they are simple, with a smooth margin, and are arranged alternately. For blackjack the leaves are large and only have three somewhat rounded lobes which are not deeply cut into the leaf, although this varies considerably. The leaves are very dark and thick, with points at the tip of the lobes as blackjack is considered a “red oak”. Most oaks with rounded lobes fall into the white oak category, so look for the bristles on the tips of the leaf to ID blackjack oak. The bark is very dark, but does have a red appearance underneath if damaged. Like all oaks, this tree has acorns which are small but otherwise fairly normal.

Although the scientific name of this species means “of Maryland”, this tree is native across most of the southeastern US and encompasses the Cross Timbers region. Blackjack oak is not tolerant of highly alkaline soils which is why it has a slightly narrower range than post oak. The minimum annual rainfall needed is 17 inches according to USDA Plants Database, and it does not tolerate anaerobic conditions, i.e. flooding. One of the densest populations of blackjack oak in Arlington’s parks is at the Southwest Nature Preserve. This upland site is very dry and rocky but is also acidic and iron rich which is visible in the exposed red soil on the hilltop.

The native range of blackjack oak includes the Cross Timbers

As mentioned before, this a red oak species which most notably means there are no tyloses in the xylem vessels. Blackjack is shade intolerant as with most red oaks and though decay resistance is still high, there is less decay resistance than the white oak family. However, blackjack is extremely drought tolerant and can survive with minimal annual growth which is not normal for red oak species. It also has an extremely long lifespan, probably exceeding 100 years. The average lifespan is not easy to predict as this tree is not very common, but there is probably high mortality when young. Blackjack oak does not like competition and needs full sun, but otherwise experiences few health problems. If planted, soil drainage and pH could be an issue for tree health. Blackjack oak can reach heights of 40-50 feet and crown diameters of 40-60 feet. The largest one I’ve seen in Tarrant County (top photo) was over 30 inches trunk diameter and would have been one of the largest on record in Tarrant County. This large tree was probably over 110 years old, unfortunately it was recently removed, perhaps because the developer did not understand the value of a large blackjack oak. The state champion tree is in Henderson County and is 43 inches in diameter with a height of 65 feet.

Arlington Park Tree Map

Apr 1, 2020 | News, Science

A Citizen Forester

A Citizen Forester

Dec 16, 2019 | News

Citizen Foresters help with tree planting - Meadowmere Park

What is a Citizen Forester? It can mean someone who is interested in trees and pursues knowledge about the forests that surround them. It can mean someone that volunteers planting trees, studying trees, or even educating others about trees. For the Cross Timbers Urban Forestry Council, a Citizen Forester is all of these thanks to the work of great people that organize training classes each year. For the past few years the person leading this has been David Coke, who has contributed a lot to the urban forest by working to educate new volunteers, not to mention his volunteer time working to prune trees, answer phones, and serve in the Fort Worth Tree Farm. This year his team of organizers have run a smooth training program for the more than 20 new Citizen Forester trainees. These newcomers have already begun to serve, assisting in various cities’ tree projects and even helping to administer the Citizen Forester program.

Citizen Foresters that graduated the program last year were also quick to make an impact; unfortunately, this is thanks to the arrival of Emerald Ash Borer. The invasive pest threatens street trees widely in the Cross Timbers region so Citizen Foresters have inventoried and evaluated trees to prepare cities for the coming destruction. Although the inventory process is tough, it can help to protect ash trees and prolong their existence in Tarrant County.

The goal of the CF program is to provide a knowledgeable volunteer force that can help the urban forest in the Cross Timbers region. Thanks to great volunteers, the program does just that.

Interested in joining a group of volunteers that have a positive impact lasting decades? Help plant and care for urban trees through the Citizen Forester program, visit the Citizen Forester page to read more and apply.

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“Once upon a time – a young dreamy Certified Arborist / Utility Specialist longed for the day that everyone in Texas would appreciate their Trees. In his wanderings, he stumbled upon the Citizen Forester (CF) concept and luckily begged into an ongoing class. He met others with the same spirit and goals. From there he began to learn a more holistic approach and followed the path carved by CF educated teachers and leaders. Much was learned and many shared info. New perspectives and skills were employed to further educate and create momentum for DFW to raise its Tree IQ and Appreciation. And local Texas Trees will live Happily Ever After!”  -Rich Hendler on the Citizen Forester Program

Tipping the Scale, Fifteen Years of Crapemyrtle Bark Scale Smushing

Tipping the Scale, Fifteen Years of Crapemyrtle Bark Scale Smushing

Dec 16, 2019 | News, Science

By Laura M. Miller, Tarrant County Extension Agent Commercial Horticulture

The Crapemyrtle, no matter how you spell it, is an MVP in the landscape.  Driving around Texas in the summertime, Crape myrtles are sure to catch your eye with their brightly colored pink, purple, red and crisp white flowers when many plants look tired and wilted.  Crape myrtles are widely planted all over North Texas and generally get the job done, earning their good reputation for being an excellent landscape choice for full sun in a wide variety of soils and situations. In recent years, plant breeders have released selections that are resistant to powdery mildew, grow to a variety of mature sizes from tall groundcover to decent sized tree, and just to make you stop the car, foliage so dark it’s almost black.

A mature crapemyrtle with characteristic smooth bark

No plant is completely without its problems.  In addition to the previously mentioned powdery mildew, the Crapemyrtle aphid, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani, has been hanging around on crapemyrtles making a mess for years.  Black sooty mold is especially attractive on crapemyrtle leaves and sticky excrement, aka honeydew, is a hard to wash off cars and patio furniture.  However, Crapemyrtle aphids don’t eat anything except crapemyrtle and all kinds of beneficial predator insects eat them.  If you want to have plenty of ladybeetles and green lacewings patrolling your landscape, having a few Crapemyrtle aphids is not a bad thing.  No insecticidal intervention was needed in most situations.

Things changed back in 2004, when Dr. Mike Merchant, Professor and Extension Urban Entomologist at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Education Center in north Dallas, received an inquiry from a landscape maintenance company concerning an unusual pest insect on crape myrtle that was exceptionally difficult to control. Instead of finding black sooty mold growing on their leaves, he found black stems and trunks on crapemyrtles at a commercial property in Richardson.  Initially this insect was identified as an Eriococcid scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), most likely the azalea bark scale, Eriococcus azaleae.

Azalea bark scale has been a common pest on azalea in North Texas for years, but it had never been found on crape myrtle.  The scale continued to be a problem in Dallas and Collin Counties with populations rising and falling over the next few years.  Neil Sperry still recalls 2007 as the worst year of the scale infestation in Collin County and especially on the Crape Myrtle Trails of McKinney.

In 2008 Dr. Merchant received some funding from the Texas Nursery and Landscape Association to evaluate different insecticide treatments for this scale. In addition to testing some newer neonicotinoid insecticides, they looked at applications of horticultural oil and of malathion. The latter two treatments provided no significant suppression of scale activity; however they did see significant control with acetamiprid, clothianidan, dinotefuran and imidacloprid, all commercially available insecticides. Two of these products, dinotefuran and imidacloprid, are available to consumers as Merit® or Bayer Advanced™ Garden Tree and Shrub Insect Control and Greenlight Tree and Shrub Insect Control with Safari. When applied as a drench treatment to the plant root zone, these products provide significant control of this scale.  Fast forward to 2019 and neonicotinoids are still effective, but there are a few issues with their use.

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In 2010, Dr. Merchant heard about a very similar species of scale that feeds on crape myrtle in China and Japan and submitted scale samples to Dr. Dug Miller, a systematic taxonomist for scale insects with the USDA in Washington, DC. He concluded that it was very likely that this scale insect is a new introduction of Eriococcus lagerostroemia, the scale previously known only from Asia. We like to call it Crapemyrtle Bark Scale, or CMBS for short.

The first out of state report came from Ardmore, OK in 2011, but it wasn’t until August of 2012 that it was found in Tarrant County, when I visited at a small commercial nursery in Arlington at the owners’ request.  Where there are two or three scales, there will always be another and in early September 2012, I received some e-mailed photographs of the scale from a homeowner in Hurst.  A few days after that I spotted the scale on some crape myrtles at the corner of Summit and Weatherford streets in downtown Fort Worth.  As I write this article in 2019, it has been confirmed in 12 states. 

Once a pest is identified, and the “what is this causing all this sooty mold?” question has been answered, most people want to know what they should do about it.  One possible answer is nothing.  Crape Murder by scale has yet to be reported in North Texas, and there are natural enemies of this pest present. Lady beetles seem to be the most significant natural enemy of the scale.  In fact, at one time the lady beetles feasting on scale became so abundant in the Crape Myrtle Trails of McKinney that researchers had a hard time finding infested trees for insecticide trials.

Research into the scale’s lifecycle, management and potential host range got a big boost in 2013 when Dr. Mengmeng Gu, Associate Professor and Extension Horticulturist, noticed the scale on crapemyrtle at the Beijing Botanical Garden.  She returned inspired to smush out scale and applied for a USDA grant.  Since 2017, scientists in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and Florida have been diligently studying scale with a the goal of keeping it from becoming a serious pest problem on crapemyrtle and a host of other documented hosts.

There’s no doubt that this sap sucking insect is stressing the plants, but the cause of most plant owner stress may be plant appearance. Dr. Jim Robbins in Arkansas has documented smaller flower panicles on infested vs. uninfested trees.  The black sooty mold that grows on the honeydew the scales excrete is also unsightly.  As with many scale insects, dead bodies can remain on the plant for some time even after they have been killed with a systemic insecticide. They look a bit like lichens and are often misidentified.  One recommendation for heavily infested plants is to wash the trunk and reachable limbs with a soft brush and mild solution of dishwashing soap. This will remove many of the scales and egg masses and much of the black sooty mold.  Unfortunately, it doesn’t reduce scale populations significantly.

What does?  Over the course of ten years and eight trials, soil applied neonicotinoids have been consistent performers.  Bifenthrin provides quick suppression, and Pyriproxyfen has been an environmentally friendly option.  What doesn’t work?  Trunk and foliar sprayed neonicotinoids, horticultural oil except when combined with other treatments, malathion, cyantraniloprole, and azadirachtin.  Sevin and cypermethrin actually make scale worse by killing off those natural enemies.

Back to the smushing, what’s the best way to identify the scale?  Smush it.  If it’s insides are pink, you’ve just found CMBS, but you’ve probably noticed it just driving around Texas.

New Committee Members for 2019-2020

New Committee Members for 2019-2020

Oct 9, 2019 | News

CTUFC members elected two new faces to the executive committee at the annual meeting. Ryan Elliott, a certifed arborist and owner of Treehugger Tree Service, was elected to the board of directors. Rustin Stephens, Fort Worth City Forester, was elected Vice President, a position which then serves as CTUFC President the following year. Rustin graduated from Louisiana Tech University with a bachelor’s degree in Forestry. Safety precautions before the use of viagra pfizer 25mg * Before the use of levitra, it is better to get in touch with a doctor. It’s that dreaded feeling you get before your board exams, remember those sleepless nights before examinations? I experienced anxiety the day before I gave my exams and it recurred when I got my first buy cialis levitra job in New York and I had to travel from a simple state Alabama to a very different place with people so different in their ways and culture. http://icks.org/viagra-8434 viagra 50 mg What is the secret? For centuries, herbs have been used for the treatment of many ailments. Dysfunction syndromes are pain http://icks.org/data/ijks/1482460255_add_file_3.pdf viagra tablets 100mg caused by scar tissue in your back. His enthusiasm and passion for arboriculture grew as he was a forester for The Woodlands Township and then on to a consultant and sales arborist for a large tree care company in Houston. Working in central and south Texas, he managed the tree care for several large ranch properties with an emphasis on oak wilt, integrated pest management, construction protection and fruit production. He has been an ISA Certified Arborist since 2009 and has participated in the Texas Tree Climbing Competition.

Meeting attendees also got to see much of Lake Arlington and learn some interesting facts about the lake and wildlife in the area on a pontoon boat ride after the meeting.

Meeting attendees enjoyed a boat ride around Lake Arlington